|rowspan="2" |2013 ||[YAHOOMINI.COM]] |{ACTIVE}}, During early development of the web, there was a list of webservers edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot of the list in 1992 remains,[1] but as more and more webservers went online the central list could no longer keep up. On the NCSA site, new servers were announced under the title "What's New!"[2]
The very first tool used for searching on the Internet was Archie.[3] The name stands for "archive" without the "v". It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at McGill University in Montreal. The program downloaded the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
sites, creating a searchable database of file names; however, Archie
did not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data was
so limited it could be readily searched manually.
The rise of Gopher (created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota) led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display)
was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers.
While the name of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the
Archie comic book series, "Veronica" and "Jughead" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.
In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed for the web, though numerous specialized catalogues were maintained by hand. Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that periodically mirrored these pages and rewrote them into a standard format. This formed the basis for W3Catalog, the web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.[4]
In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer,
and used it to generate an index called 'Wandex'. The purpose of the
Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, which it did
until late 1995. The web's second search engine Aliweb appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a web robot,
but instead depended on being notified by website administrators of the
existence at each site of an index file in a particular format.
JumpStation (created in December 1993[5] by Jonathon Fletcher) used a web robot to find web pages and to build its index, and used a web form
as the interface to its query program. It was thus the first WWW
resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web
search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching) as described below.
Because of the limited resources available on the platform it ran on,
its indexing and hence searching were limited to the titles and headings
found in the web pages the crawler encountered.
One of the first "all text" crawler-based search engines was WebCrawler,
which came out in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it allowed users to
search for any word in any webpage, which has become the standard for
all major search engines since. It was also the first one widely known
by the public. Also in 1994, Lycos (which started at Carnegie Mellon University) was launched and became a major commercial endeavor.
Soon after, many search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included Magellan, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista. Yahoo! was among the most popular ways for people to find web pages of interest, but its search function operated on its web directory,
rather than its full-text copies of web pages. Information seekers
could also browse the directory instead of doing a keyword-based search.
Google adopted the idea of selling search terms in 1998, from a small search engine company named goto.com.
This move had a significant effect on the SE business, which went from
struggling to one of the most profitable businesses in the internet.[6]
In 1996, Netscape
was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal as the
featured search engine on Netscape's web browser. There was so much
interest that instead Netscape struck deals with five of the major
search engines: for $5 million a year, each search engine would be in
rotation on the Netscape search engine page. The five engines were
Yahoo!, Magellan, Lycos, Infoseek, and Excite.[7][8]
Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s.[9] Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their initial public offerings.
Some have taken down their public search engine, and are marketing
enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light. Many search engine
companies were caught up in the dot-com bubble, a speculation-driven market boom that peaked in 1999 and ended in 2001.
Around 2000, Google's search engine rose to prominence.[10] The company achieved better results for many searches with an innovation called PageRank. This iterative algorithm
ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and
pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are
linked to more than others. Google also maintained a minimalist
interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors
embedded a search engine in a web portal. In fact, Google search engine became so popular that spoof engines emerged such as Mystery Seeker.
By 2000, Yahoo! was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Yahoo! acquired Inktomi in 2002, and Overture (which owned AlltheWeb
and AltaVista) in 2003. Yahoo! switched to Google's search engine until
2004, when it launched its own search engine based on the combined
technologies of its acquisitions.
Microsoft first launched MSN Search in the fall of 1998 using search
results from Inktomi. In early 1999 the site began to display listings
from Looksmart, blended with results from Inktomi. For a short time in 1999, MSN Search used results from AltaVista were instead. In 2004, Microsoft began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own web crawler (called msnbot).
Microsoft's rebranded search engine, Bing, was launched on June 1, 2009. On July 29, 2009, Yahoo! and Microsoft finalized a deal in which Yahoo! Search would be powered by Microsoft Bing technology.
In 2012, following the April 24 release of Google Drive, Google released the Beta version of Open Drive (available as a Chrome app) to enable the search of files in the cloud . Open Drive
has now been rebranded as Cloud Kite. Cloud Kite is advertised as a
"collective encyclopedia project based on Google Drive public files and
on the crowd sharing, crowd sourcing and crowd-solving principles".
Cloud Kite will also return search results from other cloud storage
content services including Dropbox, SkyDrive, Evernote and Box.[
Senin, 28 Oktober 2013
web browser
Main article: History of the web browser
The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. It was called WorldWideWeb and was later renamed Nexus.[3]
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.[5]
In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use.[5] As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.[7]
Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.[7]
The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month.[8] In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still has lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined.[9]
Business models
The ways that web browser makers fund their development costs has changed over time. The first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was a research project. Netscape Navigator was originally sold commercially, as was Opera; Netscape no longer exists and has been replaced with the free Firefox, while Opera is now downloadable free of charge.Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was from its first release always included with the Windows operating system (and furthermore was downloadable for no extra charge), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was "no need" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer (an assumption that later proved to be badly mistaken, with the rise of Firefox and Chrome). In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through tricking organisations into inadvertent "lock-in" into the Microsoft platform.
Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.
Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make the search engine their default search engine (the most valuable prize) or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes so much money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. The reason search engine companies are willing to pay for such deals is that such decisions drive traffic their way, increasing ad revenue. As of 2013, Google's search ad revenue is still a very important source of revenue. Google probably does not "pay itself" to make Google Search the default search engine in Google Chrome, but regardless, it derives ad revenue from that choice, so that indirectly funds the development of Google Chrome.
Many less-well-known free software browsers, such as Konqueror, were hardly funded at all and were developed mostly by volunteers free of charge.
Function
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).[10] Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.
In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.
Features
For more details on this topic, see Comparison of web browsers.
Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based
user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces
supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which
include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".[11][12][13]All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.[14][15][16][17]
Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed.[18] In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.[19]
Furthermore, most browsers can be extended via plug-ins, downloadable components that provide additional features.
User interface
- Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous resource and forward respectively.
- A refresh or reload button to reload the current resource.
- A stop button to cancel loading the resource. In some browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload button.
- A home button to return to the user's home page.
- An address bar to input the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the desired resource and display it.
- A search bar to input terms into a search engine. In some browsers, the search bar is merged with the address bar.
- A status bar to display progress in loading the resource and also the URI of links when the cursor hovers over them, and page zooming capability.
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